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Will web services revolutionize everything? Quite possibly, but it's not likely to be as glamorous or lucrative, or happen as quickly as the hype implies. At the most basic level, web services are plumbing, and plumbing is never glamorous. The applications they make possible may be significant in the future, and we discuss Microsoft Passport and Peer-to-Peer P2P systems built with web services, but the plumbing that enables these systems will never be sexy. Part of the fundamental utility of web services is their language independence—we come back to this again and again in the book. We show how Java, Perl, C , and Visual Basic code can be easily integrated using the web services architecture, and we describe the underlying principles of the web service technologies that transcend the particular programming language and toolkit you choose to use. Audience for This Book There's a shortage of good information on web services at all levels.
Managers are being bombarded with marketing hyperbole and wild promises of efficiency, riches, and new page 1 Programming Web Services with SOAP markets. Programmers have a bewildering array of acronyms thrust into their lives and are expected to somehow choose the correct system to use. On top of this confusion, there's pressure to do something with web service immediately. If you're a programmer, we show you the big picture of web services, and then zoom in to give you low-level knowledge of the underlying XML. This knowledge informs the detailed material on developing SOAP web services. We also provide detailed information on the additional technologies needed to implement enterprise-quality web services.
Managers can benefit from this book, too. We strip away the hype and present a realistic view of what is, what isn't, and what might be. Chapter 1 puts SOAP in the wider context of the web services architecture, and Chapter 9 looks ahead to the future to see what is coming and what is needed these aren't always the same. Structure of This Book We've arranged the material in this book so that you can read it from start to finish, or jump around to hit just the topics you're interested in. Chapter 1, places SOAP in the wider picture of web services, discussing Just-in-Time integration and the Web Service Technology Stack. Chapter 2, explains what SOAP does and how it does it, with constant reference to the XML messages being shipped around.
It covers the SOAP envelope, headers, body, faults, encodings, and transports. Chapter 3, shows how to use SOAP toolkits in Perl, Visual Basic, Java, and C to create an elementary web service. Chapter 4, presents our first real-world web service. Registered users may add, delete, or browse articles in a database. Chapter 5, introduces the Web Services Description Language WSDL at an XML and programmatic level, shows how WSDL makes it easier to write a web service client, and discusses complex message patterns. Chapter 6, shows how to use the Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration UDDI project and the WS-Inspection standard to publish, discover, and call web services, and features best practices for using WSDL and UDDI together. Chapter 7, builds a peer-to-peer P2P web services application for sharing source code in Perl and Java using SOAP, WSDL, and related technologies.
Chapter 8, describes the issues and approaches to security in web services, focusing on Microsoft Passport, XML Encryption, and Digital Signatures. Chapter 9, explains the present shortcomings in web services technologies, describes some developing standardization efforts, and identifies the future battlegrounds for web services mindshare. page 2 Programming Web Services with SOAP Appendix A, is a summary of the many varied standards for aspects of web services such as packaging, security, transactions, routing, and workflow, with pointers to online sources for more information on each standard. Appendix B, is a gentle introduction to the bits of the XML Schema specification you'll need to know to make sense of WSDL and UDDI.
Appendix C, contains full source for the programs developed in this book. Conventions The following typographic conventions are used in this book: Italic Used for filenames, directories, email addresses, and URLs. Constant Width Used for XML and code examples. Also used for constants, variables, data structures, and XML elements. Constant Width Bold Used to indicate user input in examples and to highlight portions of examples that are commented upon in the text. Constant Width Italic Used to indicate replaceables in examples. Comments and Questions We have tested and verified all of the information in this book to the best of our ability, but you may find that features have changed, that typos have crept in, or that we have made a mistake.
To be put on the mailing list or request a catalog, send email to: [email protected] page 3 Programming Web Services with SOAP To ask technical questions or comment on the book, send email to: [email protected] We have a web site for the book, where we'll list examples, errata, and any plans for future editions. James Thank you, To Pavel and Doug, for their help. To my editor, Nathan, for his persistent badgering. To my wife, Jennifer, for her patience. To my son, Joshua, for his joy. And to my God, for his grace. This book wouldn't exist without them. Doug I would like to thank my wonderful wife, Sheri Castle, and our amazing daughter, Lily, for their love and support. Nothing I do would be possible or meaningful without them. Pavel I wouldn't have been able to participate in this project without my family's patience and love.
My son, Daniil, was the source of inspiration for my work, and my wife, Alena, provided constant support and encouragement. Thank you! Many thanks to Tony Hong for his sound technical advice, productive discussions, and our collaboration on projects that gave me the required knowledge and experience. I'd like to thank James Snell for inviting me to participate in writing this book, and for the help he gave me throughout the process. Thanks to our wonderful technical editor, Nathan Torkington, who was a delight to work with and wonderfully persistent in his efforts to get this book done and make it great. page 4 Programming Web Services with SOAP Finally, I am fortunate to be part of two communities, Perl and SOAP. I want to thank the many people that make up those communities for the enthusiastic support, feedback, and the fresh ideas that they've provided to me—they've helped to make SOAP::Lite and the other projects I've worked on what they are now.
page 5 Programming Web Services with SOAP Chapter 1. Introducing Web Services To make best use of web services and SOAP, you must have a firm understanding of the principles and technologies upon which they stand. This chapter is an introduction to a variety of new technologies, approaches, and ideas for writing web-based applications to take advantage of the web services architecture. SOAP is one part of the bigger picture described in this chapter, and you'll learn how it relates to the other technologies described in this book: the Web Service Description Language WSDL , the Web Service Inspection Language WSIL , and the Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration UDDI services. Before we go any further, let's define the basic concept of a "web service. This is illustrated in Figure Figure A web service allows access to application code using standard Internet technologies In other words, if an application can be accessed over a network using a combination of protocols like HTTP, XML, SMTP, or Jabber, then it is a web service.
Despite all the media hype around web services, it really is that simple. Web services are nothing new. Rather, they represent the evolution of principles that have guided the Internet for years. It acts as an abstraction layer, separating the platform and programming-language-specific details of how the application code is actually invoked. This standardized layer means that any language that supports the web service can access the application's functionality. page 6 Programming Web Services with SOAP Figure Web services provide an abstraction layer between the application client and the application code The web services that we see deployed on the Internet today are HTML web sites. In these, the application services—the mechanisms for publishing, managing, searching, and retrieving content—are accessed through the use of standard protocols and data formats: HTTP and HTML. Client applications web browsers that understand these standards can interact with the application services to perform tasks like ordering books, sending greeting cards, or reading news.
Web services allow for cross-platform interoperability in a way that makes the platform irrelevant. Interoperability is one of the key benefits gained from implementing web services. Java and Microsoft Windows-based solutions have typically been difficult to integrate, but a web services layer between application and client can greatly remove friction. There is currently an ongoing effort within the Java community to define an exact architecture for implementing web services within the framework of the Java 2 Enterprise Edition specification. Each of the major Java technology providers Sun, IBM, BEA, etc. are all working to enable their platforms for web services support. Many significant application vendors such as IBM and Microsoft have completely embraced web services.
IBM for example, is integrating web services support throughout their WebSphere, Tivoli, Lotus, and DB2 products. And Microsoft's new. NET development platform is built around web services. The only requirement placed on a web service is that it must be capable of sending and receiving messages using some combination of standard Internet protocols. The most common form of web services is to call procedures running on a server, in which case the messages encode "Call this subroutine with these arguments," and "Here are the results of the subroutine call. The application code holds all the business logic and code for actually doing things listing books, adding a book to a shopping cart, paying for books, etc. The Service Listener speaks the transport protocol HTTP, SOAP, Jabber, etc. and receives incoming requests. The Service Proxy decodes those requests into calls into the application code.
The Service Proxy may then encode a response for the Service Listener to reply with, but it is possible to omit this step. page 7 Programming Web Services with SOAP Figure A web service consists of several key components The Service Proxy and Service Listener components may either be standalone applications a TCP-server or HTTP-server daemon, for instance or may run within the context of some other type of application server. As an example, IBM's WebSphere Application Server includes built-in support for receiving a SOAP message over HTTP and using that to invoke Java applications deployed within WebSphere. In comparison, the popular open source Apache web server has a module that implements SOAP.
In fact, there are implementations of SOAP for both the Palm and PocketPL Portable Digital Assistant PDA operating systems. Keep in mind, however, that web services do not require a server environment to run. Web services may be deployed anywhere that the standard Internet technologies can be used. This means that web services may be hosted or used by anything from an Application Service Provider's vast server farm to a PDA. Web services do not require that applications conform to a traditional client-server where the server holds the data and does the processing or n-tier development model where data storage is separated from business logic that is separated from the user interface , although they are certainly being heavily deployed within those environments.
Web services may take any form, may be used anywhere, and may serve any purpose. For instance, there are strong crossovers between peer-to-peer systems with decentralized data or processing and web services where peers use standard Internet protocols to provide services to one another. Programmers tend to raise questions like, "How do we do two-phase commit transactions? Business folks, on the other hand, tend to ask questions like, "How do I ensure that the person using the service is really who they say they are? These two perspectives go hand-in-hand with one another. Every business issue will have a software-based solution. But the two perspectives are also at odds with each other: the business processes demand completeness, trust, security, and reliability, which may be incompatible with the programmers' goals of simplicity, performance, and robustness.
page 8 Programming Web Services with SOAP The outcome is that tools for implementing web services will do so from one of these two angles, but rarely will they do so from both. For example, SOAP::Lite, the Perl-based SOAP implementation written by the coauthor of this book, Pavel Kulchenko, is essentially written for programmers. It provides a very simple set of tools for invoking Perl modules using SOAP, XML-RPC, Jabber, or any number of other protocols. In contrast, Apache's Axis project the next generation of Apache's SOAP implementation is a more complex web services implementation designed to make it easier to implement processes, or to tie together multiple web services.
Axis can perform the stripped down bare essentials, but that is not its primary focus. The important thing to keep in mind is that both tools implement many of the same set of technologies SOAP, WSDL, UDDI, and others, many of which we discuss later on , and so they are capable of interoperating with each other. The differences are in the way they interface with applications. This gives programmers a choice of how their web service is implemented, without restricting the users of that service. That is, the dynamic integration of application services based not on the technology platform the services are implemented in, but upon the business requirements of what needs to get done.
Just-In-Time Integration recasts the Internet application development model around a new framework called the web services architecture Figure The web services architecture In the web services architecture, the service provider publishes a description of the service s it offers via the service registry. The service consumer searches the service registry to find a service that meets their needs. The service consumer could be a person or a program. Binding refers to a service consumer actually using the service offered by a service provider. The key to Just-in-Time integration is that this can happen at any time, particularly at runtime.
That is, a client might not know which procedures it will be calling until it is running, searches the registry, and identifies a suitable candidate. This is analogous to late binding in object-oriented programming. Imagine a purchasing web service, where consumers requisition products from a service provider. If the client program has hard-coded the server it talks to, then the service is bound at compile-time. If the client program searches for a suitable server and binds to that, then the page 9 Programming Web Services with SOAP service is bound at runtime. The latter is an example of Just-In-Time integration between services.
Because each part of the web services stack addresses a separate business problem, you only have to implement those pieces that make the most sense at any given time. When a new layer of the stack is needed, you do not have to rewrite significant chunks of your infrastructure just to support a new form of exchanging information or a new way of authenticating users. The goal is total modularization of the distributed computing environment as opposed to recreating the large monolithic solutions of more traditional distributed platforms like Java, CORBA, and COM. Modularity is particularly necessary in web services because of the rapidly evolving nature of the standards.
This is shown in the sample CodeShare application of Chapter 7, where we don't use the discovery layer, but we do draw in another XML standard to handle security. For instance, they don't address security, trust, workflow, identity, or many other business concerns. Here are some of the most important standardization initiatives currently being pursued in these areas: page 10 Programming Web Services with SOAP XML Protocol The W3C XML Protocol working group is chartered with standardizing the SOAP protocol. Its work will eventually replace the SOAP protocol completely as the de facto standard for implementing web services. XKMS The XML Key Management Services are a set of security and trust related services that add Private Key Infrastructure PKI capabilities to web services.
SAML The Security Assertions Markup Language is an XML grammar for expressing the occurrence of security events, such as an authentication event. Used within the web services architecture, it provides a standard flexible authentication system. XML-Dsig XML Digital Signatures allow any XML document to be digitally signed. XML-Enc The XML Encryption specification allows XML data to be encrypted and for the expression of encrypted data as XML. XSD XML Schemas are an application of XML used to express the structure of XML documents. P3P The W3C's Platform for Privacy Preferences is an XML grammar for the expression of data privacy policies. WSFL The Web Services Flow Language is an extension to WSDL that allows for the expression of work flows within the web services architecture. Jabber Jabber is a new lightweight, asynchronous transport protocol used in peer-to-peer applications. page 11 Programming Web Services with SOAP ebXML ebXML is a suite of XML-based specifications for conducting electronic business.
Built to use SOAP, ebXML offers one approach to implementing business-to-business integration services. One of the more widely recognized discovery mechanisms available is the Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration UDDI project. IBM and Microsoft have jointly proposed an alternative to UDDI, the Web Services Inspection Language WSInspection. We will discuss both UDDI and WS-Inspection in depth including arguments for and against their use in Chapter 6. A description of that service represents those decisions in such a way that the Service Consumer can contact and use the service. The Web Service Description Language WSDL is the de facto standard for providing those descriptions. Other, less popular, approaches include the use of the W3C's Resource Description Framework RDF and the DARPA Agent Markup Language DAML , both of which provide a much richer but far more complex capability of describing web services than WSDL.
We cover WSDL in Chapter 5. This encompasses the choice of data types understood, the encoding of values, and so on. HTML is a kind of packaging format, but it can be inconvenient to work with because HTML is strongly tied to the presentation of the information rather than its meaning. XML is the basis for most of the present web services packaging formats because it can be used to represent the meaning of the data being transferred, and because XML parsers are now ubiquitous. SOAP is a very common packaging format, built on XML. In Chapter 2, we'll see how SOAP encodes messages and data values, and in Chapter 3 we'll see how to write actual web services with SOAP.
There are several XML-based packaging protocols available for page 12 Programming Web Services with SOAP developers to use XML-RPC for instance , but as you might have guessed from the title of this book, SOAP is the only format we cover. Such technologies include protocols like TCP, HTTP, SMTP, and Jabber. The transport layer's primary role is to move data between two or more locations on the network. Web services may be built on top of almost any transport protocol. The choice of transport protocol is based largely on the communication needs of the web service being implemented. HTTP, for example, provides the most ubiquitous firewall support but does not provide support for asynchronous communication. Jabber, on the other hand, while not a standard, does provide good a asynchronous communication channel. It provides the critical basic communication, addressing, and routing capabilities.
Based on the peer-to-peer P2P architecture, every member of a group of peers shares a common collection of services and resources. A peer can be a person, an application, a device, or another group of peers operating as a single entity. While it may not be readily apparent, the same fundamental web services components are present as in the peer services architecture. There are both service providers and service consumers, and there are service registries. The distinction between providers and consumers, however, is not as clear-cut as in the web services case.
Depending on the type of service or resource that the peers are sharing, any individual peer can play the role of both a service provider and a service consumer. This makes the peer services model more dynamic and flexible. Instant Messaging is the most widely utilized implementation of the peer services model. Every person that uses instant messaging is a peer. When you receive an invitation to chat with somebody, you are playing the role of a service provider. When you send an invitation out to chat with somebody else, you are playing the role of a service consumer. When you log on to the Instant Messaging Server, the server is playing the role of the service registry—that is, the Instant Messaging Server keeps track of where you currently are and what your instant messaging capabilities are. Figure illustrates this. page 13 Programming Web Services with SOAP Figure The peer web services model simply applies the concepts of the web services architecture in a peer-to-peer network Peer services and web services emerged and evolved separately from one another, and accordingly make use of different protocols and technologies to implement their respective models.
Peer web services tie the two together by unifying the technologies, the protocols, and the models into a single comprehensive big picture. The implementation of a peer web service will be the central focus of Chapter 7. page 14 Programming Web Services with SOAP Chapter 2. Introducing SOAP SOAP's place in the web services technology stack is as a standardized packaging protocol for the messages shared by applications. The specification defines nothing more than a simple XML-based envelope for the information being transferred, and a set of rules for translating application and platform-specific data types into XML representations.
SOAP's design makes it suitable for a wide variety of application messaging and integration patterns. This, for the most part, contributes to its growing popularity. This chapter explains the parts of the SOAP standard. It covers the message format, the exception-reporting mechanism faults , and the system for encoding values in XML. It discusses using SOAP over transports that aren't HTTP, and concludes with thoughts on the future of SOAP. You'll learn what SOAP does and how it does it, and get a firm understanding of the flexibility of SOAP.
Later chapters build on this to show how to program with SOAP using toolkits that abstract details of the XML. That is, SOAP is an application of the XML specification. It relies heavily on XML standards like XML Schema and XML Namespaces for its definition and function. This book assumes you are familiar with these specifications, at least on a cursory level, and will not spend time discussing them. The only exception is a quick introduction to the XML Schema data types in Appendix B. It provides a flexible way for applications to communicate, and forms the basis of SOAP. A message can be anything: a purchase order, a request for a current stock price, a query for a search engine, a listing of available flights to Los Angeles, or any number of other pieces of information that may be relevant to a particular application. XML messaging Because XML is not tied to a particular application, operating system, or programming language, XML messages can be used in all environments.
A Windows Perl program can create an XML document representing a message, send it to a Unix-based Java program, and affect the behavior of that Java program. page 15 Programming Web Services with SOAP The fundamental idea is that two applications, regardless of operating system, programming language, or any other technical implementation detail, may openly share information using nothing more than a simple message encoded in a way that both applications understand. SOAP provides a standard way to structure XML messages. Remote Procedure Call RPC is the basis of distributed computing, the way for one program to make a procedure or function, or method, call it what you will call on another, passing arguments and receiving return values.
Electronic Document Interchange EDI is basis of automated business transactions, defining a standard format and interpretation of financial and commercial documents and messages. If you use SOAP for EDI known as "document-style" SOAP , then the XML will be a purchase order, tax refund, or similar document. If you use SOAP for RPC known, unsurprisingly, as "RPC-style" SOAP then the XML will be a representation of parameter or return values. As you can see in Example , a single piece of data like a telephone number may be represented in many different, and equally valid ways in XML. Example Many XML representations of a phone number Which is the correct encoding?
Who knows! The correct one is whatever the application is expecting. In other words, simply saying that server and client are using XML to exchange information is not enough. SOAP provides these conventions. page 16 Programming Web Services with SOAP 2. The header contains blocks of information relevant to how the message is to be processed. This includes routing and delivery settings, authentication or authorization assertions, and transaction contexts. The body contains the actual message to be delivered and processed. Anything that can be expressed in XML syntax can go in the body of a message. This XML namespace identifier points to an XML Schema that defines the structure of what a SOAP message looks like.
If you were using document-style SOAP, you might transfer a purchase order with the XML in Example A purchase order in document-style SOAP Christopher Robin Accounting Pooh Bear Honey 1 Pooh Stick page 17 Programming Web Services with SOAP This example illustrates all of the core components of the SOAP Envelope specification. There is the , the topmost container that comprises the SOAP message; the optional , which contains additional blocks of information about how the body payload is to be processed; and the mandatory element that contains the actual message to be processed. The Body element may contain as many child nodes as are required.
The contents of the Body element are the message. The Body element is defined in such a way that it can contain any valid, well-formed XML that has been namespace qualified and does not contain any processing instructions or Document Type Definition DTD references. If an Envelope contains a Header element, it must contain no more than one, and it must appear as the first child of the Envelope, beforethe Body. The header, like the body, may contain any valid, well-formed, and namespace-qualified XML that the creator of the SOAP message wishes to insert. Each element contained by the Header is called a header block. The purpose of a header block is to communicate contextual information relevant to the processing of a SOAP message. An example might be a header block that contains authentication credentials, or message routing information.
Header blocks will be highlighted and explained in greater detail throughout the remainder of the book. In Example , the header block indicates that the document has a transaction ID of "". Typically messages come in pairs, as shown in Figure the request the client sends function call information to the server and the response the server sends return value s back to the client. SOAP doesn't require every request to have a response, or vice versa, but it is common to see the request-response pairing. Basic RPC messaging architecture Imagine the server offers this function, which returns a stock's price, as a SOAP service: public Float getQuote String symbol ; Example illustrates a simple RPC-style SOAP message that represents a request for IBM's current stock price. Again, we show a header block that indicates a transaction ID of "". page 18 Programming Web Services with SOAP Example RPC-style SOAP message IBM Example is a possible response that indicates the operation being responded to and the requested stock quote value.
SOAP response to request in Example If the recipient does not understand the message, the recipient must reject the message and explain the problem to the sender. This makes sense: if Amazon. com sent O'Reilly a purchase order for electric drills, someone from O'Reilly would call someone from Amazon. com and explain that O'Reilly and Associates sells books, not electric drills. Header blocks are different. A recipient may or may not understand how to deal with a particular header block but still be able to process the primary message properly. If this flag is present, and the recipient does not understand the block to which it is attached, the recipient must reject the entire message.
Because this flag is set, regardless of whether or not the recipient understands and is capable of processing the message body the getQuote message , page 19 Programming Web Services with SOAP if it does not understand how to deal with the transaction header block, the entire message must be rejected. This guarantees that the recipient understands transactions. An encoding style is a set of rules that define exactly how native application and platform data types are to be encoded into a common XML syntax. These are, obviously, for use with RPC-style SOAP. The encoding style for a particular set of XML elements is defined through the use of the encodingStyle attribute, which can be placed anywhere in the document and applies to all subordinate children of the element on which it is located. For example, the encodingStyle attribute on the getQuote element in the body of Example indicates that all children of the getQuote element conform to the encoding style rules defined in Section 5.
The encodingStyle attribute IBM Even though the SOAP specification defines an encoding style in Section 5, it has been explicitly declared that no single style is the default serialization scheme. Why is this important? Encoding styles are how applications on different platforms share information, even though they may not have common data types or representations. The approach that the SOAP Section 5 encoding style takes is just one possible mechanism for providing this, but it is not suitable in every situation. For example, in the case where a SOAP message is used to exchange a purchase order that already has a defined XML syntax, there is no need for the Section 5 encoding rules to be applied. The purchase order would simply be dropped into the Body section of the SOAP envelope as is.
The SOAP Section 5 encoding style will be discussed in much greater detail later in this chapter, as most SOAP applications and libraries use it. The most recent working draft, SOAP Version 1. The W3C chose SOAP as the basis for that effort. The previous version of SOAP, Version 1. In fact, at the time we are writing this, there are only three implementations of the SOAP 1. While SOAP 1. To prevent subtle incompatibility problems, SOAP 1. The rules for this are fairly straightforward: 1. If a SOAP Version 1. The version of a SOAP message can be determined by checking the namespace defined for the SOAP envelope. Version 1. Example illustrates the difference. Distinguishing between SOAP 1.
When applications report a version mismatch error back to the sender of the message, it may optionally include an Upgrade header block that tells the sender which version of SOAP it supports. Example shows the Upgrade header in action. page 21 Programming Web Services with SOAP Example The Upgrade header s:VersionMismatch Version Mismatch For backwards compatibility, version mismatch errors must conform to the SOAP Version 1. SOAP fault Client. com The information communicated in the SOAP fault is as follows: The fault code An algorithmically generated value for identifying the type of error that occurred.
The value must be an XML Qualified Name, meaning that the name of the code only has meaning within a defined XML namespace. The fault string A human-readable explanation of the error. page 22 Programming Web Services with SOAP The fault actor The unique identifier of the message processing node at which the error occurred actors will be discussed later. The fault details Used to express application-specific details about the error that occurred. This must be present if the error that occurred is directly related to some problem with the body of the message. It must not be used, however, to express information about errors that occur in relation to any other aspect of the message process.
These are described here: VersionMismatch The SOAP envelope is using an invalid namespace for the SOAP Envelope element. Server An error occurred that can't be directly linked to the processing of the message. Client There is a problem in the message. For example, the message contains invalid authentication credentials, or there is an improper application of the Section 5 encoding style rules. These fault codes can be extended to allow for more expressive and granular types of faults, while still maintaining backwards compatibility with the core fault codes. The example SOAP fault demonstrates how this extensibility works. The Client. Authentication fault code is a more granular derivative of the Client fault type. The ". If it cannot, then the recipient must return a MustUnderstand fault back to the sender of the message.
In doing so, the fault should page 23 Programming Web Services with SOAP communicate specific information about the header blocks that were not understood by the recipient. The SOAP fault structure is not allowed to express any information about which headers were not understood. The details element would be the only place to put this information and it is reserved solely for the purpose of expressing error information related to the processing of the body, not the header. To solve this problem, the SOAP Version 1. Example shows this. com The Misunderstood header block is optional, which makes it unreliable to use as the primary method of determining which headers caused the message to be rejected. The only requirement is that these custom faults be namespace qualified.
Example shows a custom fault code. A custom fault xyz:CustomFault My custom fault! Approach custom faults with caution: a SOAP processor that only understands the standard four fault codes will not be able to take intelligent action upon receipt of a custom fault. page 24 Programming Web Services with SOAP However, custom faults can still be useful in situations where the standard fault codes are too generic or are otherwise inadequate for the expression of what error occurred. For the most part, the extensibility of the existing four fault codes makes custom fault codes largely unnecessary. SOAP defines a general framework for such processing, but leaves the actual details of how that processing is implemented up to the application. What the SOAP specification does have to say about message processing deals primarily with how applications exchange SOAP messages. Section 2 of the specification outlines a very specific message exchange model.
This is analogous to a Unix pipeline, where the output of one program becomes the input to another, and so on until you get the output you want. A SOAP intermediary is a web service specially designed to sit between a service consumer and a service provider and add value or functionality to the transaction between the two. The set of intermediaries that the message travels through is called the message path. Every intermediary along that path is known as an actor. The construction of a message path the definition of which nodes a message passes through is not covered by the SOAP specification. Various extensions to SOAP, such as Microsoft's SOAP Routing Protocol WS-Routing have emerged to fill that gap, but there is still no standard de facto or otherwise method of expressing the message path.
We cover WSRouting later. What SOAP does specify, however, is a mechanism of identifying which parts of the SOAP message are intended for processing by specific actors in its message path. This mechanism is known as "targeting" and can only be used in relation to header blocks the body of the SOAP envelope cannot be explicitly targeted at a particular node. A header block is targeted to a specific actor on its message path through the use of the special actor attribute. The value of the actor attribute is the unique identifier of the intermediary being targeted.
This identifier may be the URL where the intermediary may be found, or something more generic. Intermediaries that do not match the actor attribute must ignore the header block. For example, imagine that I am a wholesaler of fine cardigan sweaters. I set up a web service that allows me to receive purchase orders from my customers in the form of SOAP messages. You, one of my best customers, want to submit an order for sweaters. So you send me a SOAP message that contains the purchase order. page 25 Programming Web Services with SOAP For our mutual protection, however, I have established a relationship with a trusted third-party web service that can help me validate that the purchase order you sent really did come from you.
This service works by verifying that your digital signature header block embedded in the SOAP message is valid. When you send that message to me, it is going to be routed through this third-party signature verification service, which will, in turn, extract the digital signature, validate it, and add a new header block that tells me whether the signature is valid. The transaction is depicted in Figure The signature validation intermediary Now, the signature verification intermediary needs to have some way of knowing which header block contains the digital signature that it is expected to verify.
This is accomplished by targeting the digital signature block to the verification service, as in Example The actor header The actor attribute on the signature header block is how the signature verifier intermediary knows that it is responsible for processing that header block. If the message does not pass through the signature verifier, then the signature block is ignored. This makes the implementation of SOAP message paths a fairly difficult proposition since there is no single standard way of representing that path.
The SOAP Routing Protocol WS-Routing is Microsoft's proposal for solving this problem. page 26 Programming Web Services with SOAP WS-Routing defines a standard SOAP header block see Example for expressing routing information. Its role is to define the exact sequence of intermediaries through which a message is to pass. com mailto: [email protected] uuidb9f5dfb-4ab02b-5bc1d com intermediaries. The following sections show how method calls and return values are encoded in SOAP message bodies. The names and physical order of the parameters must correspond to the names and physical order of the parameters in the method being invoked. They are, however, widely used and will be what we describe. If the checkStatus method we called earlier returned the string new, the SOAP response might be something like Example Response to the method call new The name of the message response structure checkStatusResponse element is not important, but the convention is to name it after the method, with Response appended.
Similarly, the name of the return element is arbitrary—the first field in the message response structure is assumed to be the return value. As with standard SOAP messages, the SOAP fault is used to convey the exact nature of the error that has occurred and can be extended to provide page 28 Programming Web Services with SOAP additional information through the use of the detail element. There's little point in customizing error messages in SOAP faults when you're doing RPC, as most SOAP RPC implementations will not know how to deal with the custom error information.
The second part of the specification specifically, Section 5 outlines one possible method of serializing the data intended for packaging. These rules outline in specific detail how basic application data types are to be mapped and encoded into XML format when embedded into a SOAP Envelope. The SOAP specification introduces the SOAP encoding style as "a simple type system that is a generalization of the common features found in type systems in programming languages, databases, and semi-structured data. SOAP envelopes are designed to carry any arbitrary XML documents no matter what the body of the message looks like, or whether it conforms to any specific set of data encoding rules. The Section 5 encoding rules are offered only as a convenience to allow applications to dynamically exchange information without a priori knowledge of the types of information to be exchanged.
Of particular importance are the terms value and accessor. A value represents either a single data unit or combination of data units. This could be a person's name, the score of a football game, or the current temperature. An accessorrepresents an element that contains or allows access to a value. In the following, firstname is an accessor, and Joe is a value: Joe A compound value represents a combination of two or more accessors grouped as children of a single accessor, and is demonstrated in Example A compound value Joe Smith There are two types of compound values, structs the structures we talked about earlier and arrays. A struct is a compound value in which each accessor has a different name. An array is page 29 Programming Web Services with SOAP a compound value in which the accessors have the same name values are identified by their positions in the array.
A struct and an array are shown in Example Structs and arrays Joe Smith Through the use of the special id and href attributes, SOAP defines that accessors may either be single-referenced or multireferenced. A single-referenced accessor doesn't have an identity except as a child of its parent element. In Example , the element is a singlereferenced accessor. A single-referenced accessor First Street New York New York A multireferenced accessor uses id to give an identity to its value. Other accessors can use the href attribute to refer to their values. In Example , each person has the same address, because they reference the same multireferenced address accessor. A multireferenced accessor Early SOAP implementations varied in their interpretations of this part of the SOAP specification, causing some rather nasty and annoying integration problems ironic because SOAP's main goal is to enable interoperability.
In particular, the IBM later Apache SOAP implementation chose the route of requiring xsi:type based typing forgoing the other two options completely while the Microsoft SOAP implementation chose to completely ignore the xsi:type option in favor of using schemas based on an external service description document. Since neither tool was implemented as a complete implementation of the SOAP page 31 Programming Web Services with SOAP Encoding rules, neither tool was capable of interpreting the data types encoded by the other, even though both were implemented as legal SOAP Encoding schemes. This has, fortunately, since been resolved. In fact, there has been a large ongoing effort to improve the interoperability between SOAP implementations. All data types used within a SOAP-encoded block of XML must either be taken directly from the XML Schema specification or derived from types therein. SOAP encoding provides two alternate syntaxes for expressing instances of these data types within the SOAP envelope.
Example shows two equivalent expressions of an integer equaling the value "36". Alternate SOAP encoding syntaxes for typing values 36 36 The first method is what is known as an anonymous accessor , and is commonly found in SOAP encoded arrays as we will see a little later in this chapter. It's "anonymous" because the accessor's name is its type, rather than a meaningful identification for the value. The second approach is the named accessor syntax that we've already seen. Either is valid since they both can be directly linked back to the XML Schema data types. Variables are how programming languages let you manipulate those values in memory. Two different variables might have the same value; for instance, two integer variables could both be set to the value The SOAP XML encoding for this would use single-reference XML, as in Example Two integer variables set to 42 42 42 Sometimes, though, you need to indicate that two separate variables are stored in the same piece of memory.
That is, you use the id attribute to name the value in i, then use the href attribute to identify other occurrences of that value, as in Example page 32 Programming Web Services with SOAP Example Multiple-reference to indicate two parameters are the same 42 It's important to understand that even though "SOAP" originally stood for "Simple Object Access Protocol," it actually has no concept of what an object is. To SOAP, everything is data encoded into XML. Therefore there is no such thing as an "object reference" in SOAP. Rather, SOAP Section 5 Encoding specifies a set of rules for transforming an object into XML representing that object.
All references to that object that must also be encoded would be done through the use of the id and href attributes. Given Example , the SOAP encoded serialization of the Person object might look something like Example setAddress address ; Example SOAP serialization of the object 2. This was shown in Example Even though many programming languages regard strings as an array of bytes, SOAP does not. A string is represented with the string data type, rather than as an array of bytes. If you do have a collection of bytes that you want to ship around, and those bytes do not represent a text string, SOAP Section 5 Encoding decrees that you should use a base64 string, as defined by the XML Schemas specification. The proper serialization of an array of arbitrary bytes, then, is shown in Example The type of elements that an array can contain is indicated through the use of the SOAP defined arrayType attribute, shown in Example page 33 Programming Web Services with SOAP Example The arrayType attribute Joe John Marsha Note the [3] appended to the end of the data type value on the arrayType attribute.
The square brackets [] indicate the dimensions of the array, while the numbers internally represent the number of elements per dimension. In other words, [3] indicates a single dimension of 3 elements, while [3,2] indicates a two dimensional array of three elements each. SOAP Encoding supports an unlimited number of dimensions per array in addition to allowing arrays of arrays. For instance, an arrayType of xsd:string[2][] indicates an unbounded array of single dimensional string arrays, each of which contains two elements. In Example , the data accessor is an array that contains both of the names arrays. A two-dimensional array joe john mike bill Multidimensional arrays, expressed as XML, are syntactically no different than a regular single-dimension array, with the exception of the value indicated by the arrayType attribute.
For example, a two-dimensional array of two strings is nearly identical to a one-dimensional array of four strings shown in Example Comparison of two-dimensional and one-dimensional arrays a1d1 a2d1 a1d2 a2d2 a1d1 a2d1 a3d1 a4d1 page 34 Programming Web Services with SOAP The value of the arrayType attribute distinguishes the true nature of the serialized array. A partially transmitted array is one in which only part of the array is serialized into the SOAP envelope. This is indicated through the use of the SOAP-ENC:offset attribute that provides the number or ordinals counting from zero to the first ordinal position transmitted. In other words, if you have a single-dimensional array of five elements, and you want to transmit only the last two, you would use the syntax in Example Using SOAP-ENC:offset for partially transmitted arrays Item 4 Item 5 Sparse arrays represent a grid of values with specified dimensions that may or may not contain any data.
For example, if you have a two-dimensional array of ten items each, but only the elements at position [2,5] and [5,2] contain data, the serialization in Example would be appropriate. SOAP serialization of sparse arrays data data 2. One problem with this is the fact that the receiver of the message has no real way of knowing whether the value of the accessor really was null, or if the sender just failed to serialize the message properly. page 35 Programming Web Services with SOAP 2. As a packaging protocol, SOAP does not care what transport protocols are used to exchange the messages. This makes SOAP extremely flexible in how and where it is used.
As an illustration of this flexibility, SOAP::Lite—the Perl-based SOAP web services implementation written by Pavel Kulchenko—supports the ability to exchange SOAP messages through HTTP, FTP, raw TCP, SMTP, POP3, MQSeries, and Jabber. We'll show SOAP over Jabber in Chapter 3. The SOAP specification even goes so far as to give special treatment to HTTP within the specification itself—outlining in specific detail how the semantics of the SOAP message exchange model map onto HTTP. SOAP-over-HTTP is a natural match with SOAP's RPC request-response conventions because HTTP is a request-response-based protocol. The SOAP request message is posted to the HTTP server with the HTTP request, and the server returns the SOAP response message in the HTTP response see Figure SOAP request messages are posted to the HTTP server and response messages are returned over the same HTTP connection Example and Example illustrate an HTTP request and HTTP response messages that contain a SOAP message.
page 36 Programming Web Services with SOAP Example The SOAPAction HTTP header is defined by the SOAP specification, and indicates the intent of the SOAP HTTP request. Its value is completely arbitrary, but it's intended to tell the HTTP server what the SOAP message wants to do before the HTTP server decodes the XML. Servers can then use the SOAPAction header to filter unacceptable requests. There are a number of issues that seem to come up time and again. Among these are: Should SOAP really use HTTP port 80 or should a SOAP-specific port be used? Because SOAP messages masquerade as traditional web traffic on port 80, firewalls generally pass them straight through. Obviously, security administrators may have a problem with this. There are no requirements that SOAP over HTTP must use port 80, but many people use it specifically to avoid being filtered by firewalls. Is the SOAPAction header really useful? Because its value is arbitrary, there's no way for a server to always know the intent of a request without parsing the XML.
This is an issue that has been debated ever since the SOAPAction header was first introduced in SOAP Version 1. The W3C working group that is standardizing SOAP is leaning towards deprecating the SOAPAction header in the next version of the protocol. When a client fault occurs while processing a SOAP message, should the server send a HTTP "Server Error" back to the client or a HTTP "OK" response with a SOAP fault included? This is an interesting question of semantics. A client fault in SOAP is obviously an application level error, and not the result of a server error. The HTTP Server Error response however, is the default response required for all SOAP faults, regardless of the fault code. The general consensus on this question has been that consistency is most important.
Despite the fact that client fault types are not Server Errors, the Server Error code is still the right response when HTTP is used for the transport. This question, like the one dealing with the use of port 80, directly addresses the question of whether or not SOAP web services should masquerade as more traditional HTTP-based services. Microsoft's SOAP Routing Protocol even goes so far as to define such a scheme. While HTTP is the most popular transport for SOAP message, it is not without problems. HTTP was not designed as a transport for XML messages, and there are times when the two protocols don't mesh perfectly. That said, it remains the most popular transport for SOAP, although Microsoft's.
NET makes heavy use of SOAP-over-Instant Messaging and this may challenge HTTP's supremacy. page 38 Programming Web Services with SOAP Chapter 3. Writing SOAP Web Services In Chapter 2, we looked under the hood of SOAP at the XML underneath. In this chapter, we demonstrate how to create, deploy, and use SOAP web services using toolkits for Java, Perl, and Microsoft's new. NET platform. We cover the installation, configuration, and use of SOAP::Lite for Perl, Apache SOAP for Java, and Microsoft. NET for C. The task of creating and deploying web services is really not all that difficult, nor is it all that different than what developers currently do in more traditional web applications.
The tendency on all platforms is to automate more and more of the gory details and tedious work in creating web services. Most programmers don't need to know the exact details of encodings and envelopes; instead, they'll simply use a SOAP toolkit such as those described here. The listener and proxy components should be completely transparent to the application code, if properly implemented. The ideal situation in most cases is that the code doesn't even know it is being invoked through a web service interface, but that is not always possible, or desirable.
A good example of a seamless, simple web services implementation is the SOAP::Lite for Perl written by Pavel Kulchenko. This package allows any installed Perl module to be automatically deployed as a web service without any work on the part of the module developer. The proxy can automatically load and invoke any subroutine in any module. In this book, we have chosen to focus on three of the most popular tools: Apache SOAP for Java, SOAP::Lite for Perl, and Microsoft. No matter which toolkit you use, the fundamental process of creating, deploying, and using SOAP web services is the same. Some implement their own HTTP servers. Some expect to be installed as part of a particular web server, so that rather than serving up a web page, the HTTP daemon hands the SOAP message to the toolkit's page 39 Programming Web Services with SOAP proxy component, which does the work of invoking the code behind the web service see Figure The HTTP daemon passes the request to the SOAP proxy, which then invokes the code behind the web service Still other SOAP toolkits support a pluggable transport mechanism that allows you to select different transport protocols by doing hardly anything more than setting a property value.
SOAP::Lite is a good example of this with its support for FTP, HTTP, IO, Jabber, SMTP, POP3, TCP, and MQSeries transports. Whether the transport is built-in or pluggable, all SOAP toolkits provide the proxy component, which parses and interprets the SOAP message to invoke application code. When the proxy component is handed a SOAP message by a listener, it must do three things: 1. Deserialize the message, if necessary, from XML into some native format suitable for passing off to the code. Invoke the code. Serialize the response to the message if one exists back into XML and hand it back to the transport listener for delivery back to the requester. Despite differences in how various SOAP implementations accomplish these tasks, all SOAP web service tools follow this same simple pattern. In other words, the proxy component has to know that a getQuote message is going to be handled by the samples.
QuoteServer Java class or the QuoteServer. pm Perl module. Once this has happened, clients can access the server, send the message, and trigger a call to application code. Web service tools have different deployment mechanisms. SOAP::Lite requires that the Perl module be in INC, Perl's module search path. Apache's SOAP implementation requires a deployment descriptor file, which describes the Java class and rules for mapping Java objects used in the service to their XML equivalents. This file must be added to a deployed services registry used by Apache SOAP see Figure page 40 Programming Web Services with SOAP Figure Unlike SOAP::Lite, where the server program contains a description of which modules are to be deployed as services, Apache SOAP uses a separate deployment descriptor file 3.
The SOAP::Lite toolkit is one of the most complete implementations of SOAP available, supporting both Versions 1. It has strong support for alternate transports FTP, HTTP, IO, Jabber, SMTP, POP3, TCP, and MQSeries , which we'll use later to demonstrate SOAP over Jabber. CPAN is a network of web and FTP sites with identical content—the source to thousands of Perl modules. Example shows a sample installation of SOAP::Lite using the interactive CPAN command-line shell. The CPAN shell will connect to a CPAN site and download the source for SOAP::Lite. Once downloaded, the shell will attempt to build the module.
SOAP::Lite has a series of interactive steps to configure the module, shown in Example You can either use a default configuration or manually select from a menu of options to build a custom configuration. page 41 Programming Web Services with SOAP Example SOAP::Lite's interactive configuration We are about to install SOAP::Lite and for your convenience will provide you with list of modules and prerequisites, so you'll be able to choose only modules you need for your configuration. XMLRPC::Lite, UDDI::Lite, and XML::Parser::Lite are included by default. Installed transports can be used for both SOAP::Lite and XMLRPC::Lite. We, however, are going to make a slight change to the configuration in order to demonstrate the use of Jabber as a transport protocol for SOAP. To indicate this, answer "no" to the question "Do you want to proceed with this configuration?
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